home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- TECHNOLOGY, Page 102Who's Afraid of The Japanese?
-
-
- A new book contends that the U.S. is winning the chip wars
-
- By Philip Elmer-Dewitt
-
-
- America's high-tech companies do not have to look back: they
- know the Japanese are coming. U.S. computer-chip manufacturers,
- concerned that their survival is threatened, have gone to Congress
- for protection. And fear is rising that if the chipmakers go down,
- it will be only a matter of time before Japan overtakes the U.S.
- in the computer business. That would put an end to America's
- high-tech supremacy.
-
- But are such apocalyptic visions justified? Not at all, argues
- conservative pundit George Gilder in his new book, Microcosm: The
- Quantum Revolution in Economics and Technology (Simon & Schuster;
- $19.95), a lively look at the history and prospects of the U.S.
- microelectronics industry. Gilder, author of the best-selling
- Wealth and Poverty, thinks that as computer-chip technology
- advances, America will widen its lead.
-
- At the heart of Gilder's argument is the notion that the
- breakthroughs in quantum physics in the early 20th century, which
- provided the theoretical basis for microelectronics, also laid the
- groundwork for sweeping changes in the world's economy. In the
- past, a nation's wealth sprang from its natural resources and its
- ability to fashion raw materials into manufactured products. But
- the computer has put a premium on information, not raw materials
- or manufacturing prowess.
-
- Using the new knowledge of the microcosm -- the invisible
- region populated by protons, electrons and other subatomic
- particles -- computer-chip manufacturers have been able to pack
- more and more information (and value) onto slivers of silicon whose
- material content represents less than 1% of their total expense.
- As chips are incorporated into everything from furnaces to cars,
- the value of these products resides increasingly in the
- "intelligence" stored in their electronic components. In the
- future, industrial might will depend less on mass production and
- more on the creative use of information technology. Gilder calls
- this phenomenon the "overthrow of matter" by ideas.
-
- The book uses this theoretical framework to focus on what has
- happened in the semiconductor industry. In particular, Gilder's
- analysis attacks the conventional view that the U.S. blundered in
- letting Japan take over the market for mass-produced memory chips.
- As he points out, the key component for a computer is not hardware
- but software, the instructions that make the machine work. When
- programs like Lotus 1-2-3 made the personal computer a runaway
- success in the early 1980s, IBM and other firms made a strategic
- decision to let Japan supply the demand for memory chips that U.S.
- chipmakers could not meet. The Japanese built costly factories to
- fabricate an enormous supply of chips. But then their price
- plummeted way below the cost of production, saddling Japan's
- conglomerates with huge losses.
-
- Meanwhile, Americans were working on far more valuable computer
- parts. Using systems called silicon compilers, U.S. engineers have
- been able to design a vast array of custom chips to suit almost any
- purpose. These specialized chips can be much more profitable than
- the commodity chips mass-produced by the Japanese. As more and more
- instructions are etched onto chips, the balance of power in
- electronics is shifting from manufacturing prowess, Japan's
- strength, toward software and design, in which the U.S. excels.
-
- Gilder's arguments, while forceful, are not always persuasive.
- He seems to forget that Japan, an island nation rich in know-how
- and poor in resources, is itself a prime beneficiary of the triumph
- of ideas over matter. The Japanese may not be also-rans in software
- and custom chips forever. But at a time when so many books talk
- only about what is wrong with the U.S., Gilder's optimism about the
- future of American high-tech is refreshing.
-